SET Coaching Institute

Every year examination is held across Maharashtra on various locations such as Gadchiroli, Mumbai, Amravati, Pune, Ahmednagar, Kolhapur, Dhule, Nanded, Panaji, Nagpur, Nasik, Jalgaon, Solapur, Chandrapur, and Aurangabad. Savitribai Phule Pune University (formerly University of Pune) conducts the State Eligibility test on the behalf of state government to determine the eligibility of a person to be appointed as Assistant Professor in Universities/affiliated colleges.

The SET Exam will be conducted in Objective Mode. All the three papers consist of only objective type questions and will be held on the day of Examination in two separate sessions. Candidates are required to note that there is no negative marking.

Syllabus for the exam

• PAPER-I :
  • The main objective is to assess the teaching and research capabilities of the candidates. Therefore, the test is aimed at assessing the teaching and general/research aptitude as well as their awareness. They are expected to possess and exhibit cognitive abilities. Cognitive abilities include comprehension, analysis, evaluation, understanding the structure of arguments and deductive and inductive reasoning. The candidates are also expected to have a general awareness and knowledge of sources of information. They should be aware of interaction between people, environment and natural resources and their impact on quality of life. This part of syllabus is common for chemical and life sciences streams. The details are given in the following sections:
    1. Teaching Aptitude Teaching: Nature, objectives, characteristics and basic requirements, Learners characteristics, Factors affecting teaching, Methods of teaching, Teaching aids, Evaluation systems.
    2. Research Aptitude Research: Meaning, characteristics and types, Steps of research, Methods of research; Research Ethics, Paper, article, workshop, seminar, conference and symposium, Thesis writing: its characteristics and format.
    3. Reading Comprehension : A passage to be set with questions to be answered.
    4. Communication Communication: Nature, characteristics, types, barriers and effective classroom communication.
    5. Reasoning (Including Mathematical) Number series, letter series, codes, Relationships, classification.
    6. Logical Reasoning Understanding the structure of arguments; Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning; Verbal analogies: Word analogy-Applied analogy, Verbal classification, Reasoning Logical Diagrams : Simple diagrammatic relationship, multidiagrammatic relationship, Venn diagram; Analytical Reasoning.
    7. Data Interpretation Sources, acquisition and interpretation of data, Quantitative and qualitative data, Graphical representation and mapping of data.
    8. Information and Communication technology (ICT) ICT : meaning, advantages, disadvantages and uses; General abbreviations and terminology; Basics of internet and e-mailing.
    9. People and Environment: People and environment interaction; Sources of pollution; Pollutants and their impact on human life, exploitation of natural and energy resources; Natural hazards and mitigation.
    10. Higher Education System : : Governance, Polity and Administration, Structure of the institutions for higher learning and research in India; formal and distance education; professional/technical and general education; value education; governance, polity and administration; concept, institutions and their interactions.
• PAPER II:
  • 1. Cell Biology: Structure and function of cells and intracellular organelles (of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes), Mechanism of cell division including (mitosis and meiosis) and cell differentiation; Cell-cell interation, Malignant growth, lmmune response : Dosage compensation and mechanism of sex determination.
    2. Biochemistry : Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds, Principles of physical chemistry, Thermodynamics, kinetics, dissociation and association constants, Nucleic acid structure, genetic code, replication, transcription and translation : Structure, function and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, Enzymes and coenzyme, Respiration and photosynthesis.
    3. Physiology: Response to stress, Active transport across membranes, Plant and animal hormones Nutrition (including vitamins), Reproduction in plants, microbes, plant and animals, Sensory responses in microbes, plant and animals.
    4. Genetics : Principles of Mendelian inheritance, chromosome structure and function, Gene Structure and regulation of gene expression, Linkage and genetic mapping, Extra-chromosomal inheritance (episomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts), Mutation, DNA damage and repair, chromosome aberrations, Transposons, Sex-linked inheritance and genetic disorders, Somatic cell genetics, Genome organisation (in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes).
    5. Evolutionary Biology: Origin of life (including aspects of prebiotic environment and molecular evolution), Concepts of evolution, Theories of organic evolution, Mechanisms of speciation, Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium, genetic polymarphism and selection, Origin and evolution of economically important microbes, plants and animals.
    6. Environmental biology : Concept and dynamics of ecosystem, components, food chain and energy flow, productivity and biogeochemical cycles, Types of ecosystems, Population ecology and biological control, Community structure and organisation, Environmental pollution, Sustainable development, Economic importance of microbes, plants and animals.
    7. Biodiversity and Taxonomy : Species concept, Biological nomenclature theories of biological classification, Structural biochemical and molecular systmatics, DNA finger printing, numerical taxonomy, Biodiveristy, characterization, generation, maintenance and loss, Magnitude and distribution of biodiversity, economic value, wildlife biology, conservation strategies, cryopreservation.
  • Chemical science
    1. Structure and Bonding Atomic orbitals, electronic configuration of atoms (L-S coupling) and the periodic properties of elements, ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity, concept of hybridization. Molecular orbitals and electronic configuration of homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules. Shapes of polyatomic molecules. VSEPR theory. Symmetry elements and point groups for simple molecules. Bond lengths, bond angles, bond order and bond energies. Resonance. Types of chemical bond (weak and strong). Intermolecular forces. Types of solids, lattice energy.
    2. Acids and Bases Bronsted and Lewis acids and bases. pH and pKa, acid-base concept in non- aqueous media, SHAB concept, Buffer solutions.
    3. Redox Reactions Oxidation numbers, Redox potentials, Electrochemical series, Redox indicators.
    4. Introductory Energetics and Dynamics of Chemical Reactions Law of conservation of energy. Energy and enthalpy of reactions. Entropy, free energy, relationship between free energy change and equilibrium. Rates of chemical reactions (first-and second-order reactions). Arrhenius equation and Concept of transition state. Mechanisms, including SN1 and SN2 reactions, electron transfer reactions, catalysis Colligative properties of solutions.
    5. Aspects of s, p, d, f Block Elements General characteristics of each block. Chemical principles involved in extraction and purification of common metals. Coordination chemistry, Structural aspects, isomerism, octahedral and tetrahedral crystal-field spliting of d-orbitals. CFSE, magnetism and colour of transition metal ions. Sandwich compounds metal carbonyls and metal clusters. Rare gas compounds, non-stoichiometric oxides. Radioactivity and transmutation of elements.
    6. Concept of Chirality Recognition of symmetry elements and chiral structures, R-S nomenclature, diastereoisomerism in acyclic and cyclic-systems, E-Z isomerism. Conformational analysis of simple cyclic (chair and boat cyclohexanes) and acyclic systems, Interconverison of Fischer, Newman and Sawhorse projections.
    7. Common Organic Reactions and Mechanisms Reactive intermediates. Formation and stability of carbonium ions, carbenes, nitrenes, radicals and arynes. Nucleophilic, electrophilic, radical substitution, addition and elimination reactions. Familiar name reactions : Aldol, Perkin, Stobbe Dieckmann condensations ; Hofmann, Schmidt, Lossen, Curtius, Beckmann and Fries rearrangements, Reimer-Tiemann, Reformatsky and Grignard reactions. Diels-Alder reaction, Claisen rearrangement, Friedel-Crafts reaction, Witting reaction. Routine functional group transformations and inter-convertions of simple functionalities. Hydroboration, Oppenauer oxidation, Clemmensen, Wolf-Kishner , Meerwein-Ponndorf Verley and Birch reductions.
    8. IUPAC Nomenclature of Simple Organic and Inorganic Compounds.
    9. . Data Analysis Types of erros, propogation of errors, accuracy and precision, least-square analysis, average standard diviation.
    10. Elementary principles and applications of electronic, vibrational, NMR, EPR, Mossbauer and mass spectral techniques to simple structural problems.
• PAPER III:
  • 1. Principles of Taxonomy as applied to the systamics and Classification of Plant Kingdom, Taxonomic structure, Biosystematics, Plant geography, Floristics.
    2. Patterns of variation in morphology and life history in plants, broad outlines of classification an evolutionary trends among algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteriophytes, Principles of palaeobotany, Economic importance of algae, fungi and lichens.
    3. Comparative anatomy and developmental morphology of gymnosperms and angiosperms, Histochemical and ultrastructural aspects of development, Differentiation and morphogenesis.
    4. Androgenesis and gynogenesis, Breeding systems, Pollination biology, structural and functional aspects of pollen and pistill, Male sterility, Self and inter-specific incompatibility, Fertilization, Embryo and seed development.
    5. Plants and civilization : Centres of origin and gene diversity, Botany, utilization, cultivation and improvement of plants of food, drug, fibre and industrial values, Unexploited plants of potential economic value, Plants as a source of renewable energy, Genetic resources and their conservation.
    6. Water Relations: Mineral nutrition, Photosynthesis and photorespiration : Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Sulphur metabolism, Stomatal physiology, Source and sink relationship.
    7. Physiology and biochemistry of seed dormancy and germination, Hormonal regulation of growth and development, Photoregulation : Growth responses, Physiology of flowering, Senescence.
    8. Principles of plant breeding : Important conventional methods of breeding self and cross pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops, Non-conventional methods, Polyploidy : Genetic variability, Plant diseases and defensive mechanism.
    9. Principles of taxonomy as applied to the systematics and classification of the animal kingdom, Classification and interrelationship amongst the major invertebrete phyla, Minor invertebrate phyla, functional anatomy of the non-chordates, Larval forms and their evolutionary significance.
    10. Classification and comparative anatomy of protochordates and chordates, Origin, evolution and distribution of chordate groups : Adaptive radiation.
    11. Histology of mammalian organ systems, nutrition, digestion and absorption, Circulation (open and closed circular, lymphatic systems, blood composition and function), Muscular contration and electric organs, Excretion and osmoregulation : Nerve conduction and neurotransmitter, major sense organs and receptors, Homeostatis (neural and hormonal), Bioluminiscence, Reproduction.
    12. Gametogenesis in animals : Molecular events during fertilization, Cleavage patterns and fate maps, Concepts of determination, competence and induction, totipotency and nuclear transfer experiments, Cell differentiation and differential gene activity. Morphogenetic determinants in egg cytoplasm, Role of maternal contributions in early embryonic development, Genetic regulation of early embryonic development in Drosophila, Homeotic genes.
    13. Feeding, learning, social and sexual behaviour of animals, Parental care, Circadian rhythms, Mimicry, Migration of fishes and birds, Sociobiology, Physiological adaptation at high altitude.
    14. Important human and veterinary parasites (protozoans and helminths), Life cycle and biology of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Ascaris, Wuchereria, Fasciola, Schistosoma and Leishmania, Molecular, cellular and physiological basis of host-parasite interactions.
    15. Arthropods and vectors of human diseases (mosquitoes, lice, flies, and ticks), Mode of transmission of pathogens by vectors, Chemical biological and environmental control of anthropod vectors, Biology and control of chief insect pests of agricultural importance, Plant host-insect interaction, insect-pest management, useful insects, Silkworm.
    16. The law of DNA constancy and C-value paradox, Numerical and structural changes in chromosomes, Molecular basis of spontaneous and induced mutation and their role in evolution, Environment mutagenesis and toxictiy testing, Population genetics.
    17. . Structure of pro and eukaryotic cells, Membrane structure and function, Intracellular compartments, protein sorting, secretory and endocytic pathways, Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Mitochondria and chloroplasts and their genetic organisation, cell cycle, Structure and organisation of chromatin, polytene and lamphrush chromosomes, Dosage compensation and sex determination and sex-linked inheritance.
    18. Interactions between environment and biota, Concept of habitat and ecological niches, Limiting factors, Energy flow, food chain, food web and trophic levels, Ecological pyramids and recycling, Biotic community—concept, structure, dominance, fluctuation and succession, N.P.C. and S Cycles in nature.
    19. Ecosystem dynamics and management : Stability and complexity of ecosystems, Speciation and extinction, Environmental impact assessment, Principles of conservation, Conservation strategies, Sustainable development.
    20. Physico-chemical properties of water, Kinds of aquatic habitats (fresh water and marine), Distribution of and impact of environmental factors on the aquatic biota, Productivity, mineral cycles and biodegradation in different aquatic ecosystems, Fish and Fisheries of India with respect to the management of estuarine, coastal water systems and man-made reservoirs, Biology and ecology of reservoirs.
    21. . Structure, classification, genetics, reproduction and physiology of bacteria and viruses (of bacteria, plants and animals), Mycoplasma protozoa and yeast (a general accounts).
    22. Microbial fermentation, Antibotics, organic acids and vitamins, Microbes in decomposition and recycling processes, Symbiotic and asymbiotic N2 - fixation, Microbiology of water, air, soil and sewage, Microbes as pathological agents in plants, animals and man, General design and applications of a biofermenter, Biofertilizer.
    23. . Antigen : Structure and functions of different clauses of immunoglobulins, Primary and secondary immune response, immunity, MHC, Mechanism of immune response and generation of immunotogical diversity; Genetic control of immune response, Effector mechanism, Application of immunological techniques.
    24. Enzyme kinetics (negative and positive cooperativity), Regulation of enzymatic activity, Active sites, Coenzymes, Activators and inhibitors, isoenzymes, allosteric enzymes, Ribozyme and abzyme.
    25. Van der Waal’s electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, Primary structure of proteins and nucleic acids, Conformation of proteins and polypeptides (secondary, tertiary, quanternary and domain structure), Reverse turns and Ramachandran plot, Structural polymorphism of DNA, RNA and three-dimensional structure of tRNA, Structure carbohydrates, polysaccharides, glycoproteins and peptido-glycans, Helix-coil transition, Energy terms in biopolymer conformational calculation.
    26. Glycolysis and TCA cycle, Glycogen breakdown and synthesis, Gluconeogenesis, interconversion of hexoses and pentoses, Amino acid metabolism, Coordinated control of metabolism, Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, Oxidation of lipids, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Sterols.
    27. Energy metabolism (concept of free energy), Thermodynamic principles in biology, Energy rich bonds, Weak interactions, Coupled reactions and oxidative phosphorylations, Group tranfers, Biological energy tranducers, Bioenergetics.
    28. Fine structure of gene, Eukaryotic genome organisation (structure of chromatin, coding and non-coding sequences, satellite DNA), DNA damage and repair, DNA replication, amplification and rearrangements.
    29. Organization of transcriptional units : Mechanism of transcription of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, RNA processing (capping, polyadenylation, splicing, introns and exons), Ribonucleoproteins, Structure of mRNA, Genetic code and protein synthesis.
    30. Regulation of gene expression in pro-and eukaryotes, Attenuation and antitermination, Operon concept, DNA methylation, Heterochromatization, Transposition, Regulatory sequences and transcription factors, Environmental regulation of gene expression.
    31. . Biochemistry and molecular biology of cancer, Oncogenes, Chemical carcinogenesis, Genetic and metabolic disorders, Harmonal imbalances, Drug metabolism and detoxification, Genetic load and genetic counselling.
    32. Lysogeny and lytic cycle in bacteriophages, Bacterial transformation, Host cell restriction, Trasduction, Complementation, Molecular recombination, DNA ligases, Topoisomerases, gyrases, Methylases, Nucleases, Restriction endonucleases, Plasmids and bacteriophage based vectors for cDNA and genomic libraries.
    33. Principles and methods of genetic engineering and Gene targeting, Application in agriculture, health and industry.
    34. Cell and tissue culture in plants and animals, Primary culture, Cell line, Cell clones, Callus cultures, Somaclonal variation, Micropropogation, Somatic embryogenesis, Haploidy, Protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization, Cybrids, Gene transfer methods in plants and in animals, Transgenic biology, Allopheny, Artificial seeds, Hybridoma technology.
    35. Structure and organisation of membranes, Glyconjugates and proteins in membrane systems, ion transport/Na/KATPase/Molecular basis of signal transduction in bacteria, plants and animals, Model membranes, Liposomes.
    36. Principles and application of light, phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Cytophotometry and flow cytometry, fixation and staining.
    37. Principles and applications of gel-filtration, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography, Thin layer and gas chromatography, High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), Electrophoresis and electrofocussing, Ultracentrifugation (velocity and buoyant density).
    38. Principles and techniques of nucleic acid hybridization and Cot curves, Sequencing of proteins and nucleic acids, Southern, Northern and South-Western blotting techniques, Polymerase chain reaction, Methods for measuring nucleic acid and protein interactions.
    39. Principles of biophysical methods used for analysis of biopolymer structure, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, UV, ORD/CD Visible, NMR and ESR spectroscopy, Hydrodynamic methods, Atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy.
    40. Principles and applications of tracer techniques in biology, Radiation dosimetry, Radioactive isotopes and half life of isotopes, Effect of radiation on biological system, Autoradiography; Cerenkov radiation; Liquid scintillation spectroscopy.
    41. Principles and practice of statistical methods in biological research, samples and populations; Basic statistics—average, statistics of dispersion, coefficient of variation, Standard error, Confidence limits, Probability distributions (biomial, poisson and normal); Tests of statistical significance, Simple correlation of regression, Analysis of variance.
  • 1. Quantum Chemistry, Planck’s quantum theory, wave-particle duality, Uncertainty Principle, operators and commutation relations, postulates of quantum mechanics and Schrodinger equation, free particle, pastick in a box, degeneracy, harmonic oscillator, rigid rotator and the hydrogen atom. Angular momentum including spin coupling of angular momenta including spin-orbit coupling.
    2. The variation method and pertubation theory Application to the helium, atom, antisymmetry and Exclusion Principle, Slater determinantal wave functions. Term symobols and spectroscopic states.
    3. Born-Oppenheimer approximation, Hydrogen molecule ion LCAO-MO and VB treatments of the hydrogen molecule, electron density, forces and their role in chemical binding. Hybridisation and valence MO, of H2 O, NH3 and CH4. Huckel pi-electron theory and its applications to ethylene, butadiene and benzene, idea of self-consistent fields.
    4. Group theoretical representations and quantum mechanics Vanishing of intergrals, spectroscopic selection rules for vibrational, electronic, vibronic and Raman spectroscopy. MO treatment of large molecules with symmetry.
    5. Spectroscopy Theoretical treatment of rotational, vibrational and electronic spectroscopy. Principles of magnetic resonance, Mossbauer and Photoelectron spectroscopy.
    6. Thermodynamics First law of thermodynamics, relation between Cp and Cv ; enthalpies of physical and chemical changes, temperature depednence of enthaplies. Second law of thermodynamics, entropy, Gibs-Helmholtz equation. Third law of thermodynamics and calculation of entropy.
    7. Chemical Equilibrium Free energy and entropy of mixing, partial molar quantities, Gibbs- Duhem equation. Equilibrium constant, temperature dependence of equilibrium constant, phase diagram of one and two-component systems, phase rule.
    8. Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions Excess functions, activities, concept of hydration number, activities in electrolytic solutions, mean ionic activity coefficient. Debye-Huckel treatment of dilute electrolyte solutions.
    9. Equilibria in Electrochemical Cells Cell reactions, Nernst equation, application of cell EMF measurements.
    10. Surface PhenomenaSurface tension, adsorption on solids, electrical phenomena at interfaces including electrokinetic micelles and reverse micelles; solutions. Applications of photoelectron spectroscopy, ESCA and Auger spectroscopy to the study of surfaces.
    11. . Statistical Thermodynamic probability and entropy Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of velocities, average, most probable and root-mean-square velocities. Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose- Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics. Partition function, rotational, translational, vibrational and electronic partition functions for diatomic molecules, calculations of thermodynamic functions and equilibrium constants. Theories of specific heat for solids.
    12. Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics Postulates and methodologies, linear laws, Gibbs equation, Onsager reciprocal theory.
    13. Reaction Kinetics Methods of determining rate laws, Mechanisms of photo-chemical, chain and oscillatory reactions. Collision theory of reaction rates, steric factor, treatment of unimolecular reactions. Theory of absolute reaction rates, comparison of result with Eyring and Arrhenius equations, ionic reactions, salt effect. Homogeneous catalysis and Michaelis- Menten Kinetics; heterogeneous catalysis.
    14. Fast Reactions Study of kinetics by stop-flow technique, relaxation method, flash photolysis and magnetic resonance method.
    15. MacromoleculesNumber-average and weight-average molecular weights. Determination of molecular weights. Kinetics of polymerisation. Stereochemistry and mechanism of polymerisation.
    16. Solids Dislocations in solids, Schottky and Frenkel defects. Electrical properties. Insulators and semiconductors, band theory of solids, solid-state reactions.
    17. Nuclear Chemistry Radioactive decay and equilibrium. Nuclear reactions, Q value, cross- sections, types of reactions. Chemical effects of nuclear transformations, fission and fusion, fission products and fission yields. Radioactive techniques, tracer techniques, neutron activation analysis, counting techniques such as G.M., ionization and proportional counters.
    18. Chemistry of Non-transition Elements General discussion on the properties of the non-transition elements, special features of individual elements, synthesis, properties and structure of their halides and oxides, polymorphism of carbon, phosphorus and sulphur. Synthesis, properties and structure of boranes, carboranes, borazines, silicates, carbides, silicones, phosphazenes, sulphur, oxyacids of nitrogen, phophorus, sulphur and halogens. Interhalogens, pseudohalides and noble gas compounds.
    19. Chemistry of Transition Elements Coordination chemistry of transition metalions. Stability constants of complexes and their determination, stabilization of unusual oxidation states. Stereochemistry of coordination compounds. Ligand field theory, spliting of d-orbitals in low symmetry environments. Jahn-Teller effect, interpretation of electronic spectra including charge transfer spectra, spectrochemical series, nephelauxetic series. Dia-para-ferro and antiferromagentism, quenching of orbital angular moments, spin orbit coupling. Inorganic reaction mechanisms, substitution reactions, trans-effect and electron transfer reactions, photochemical reactions of chromium and ruthenium complexes. Fluxional molecules. Iso and heteropolyacids, metal clusters. Spin crossover in coordination compounds.
    20. Chemistry of Lanthanides and Acitindes Spectral and magnetic properties, use of lanthanide compounds as shift reagents.
    21. Organometallic Chemistry of Transition Elements Synthesis, structure and bonding, organometallic reagents in organic synthesis and in homogeneous catalytic reactions (hydrogenation, hydroformylationn, isomerisation and polymerisation), pi-metal complexes, activation of small molecules by coordination.
    22. Topics in Analytical Chemistry Adsorption, partition, exclusion, electrochromatography. Solvent extraction and ion exchange methods. Application of atomic and molecular absorption and emmision spectroscopy in quantitative analysis. Light scattering techniques including nephelometry and Raman spectroscopy. Electroanalytical techniques, voltametry, cyclic voltametry, polarography, amperometry, coulometry and conductometry. Ion-selective electrodes. Anodic stripping voltametry, TGA, DTA, DSC and on-line analysers.
    23. Bioiorganic Chemistry Molecular mechanism of ion transport across membranes, ionophores. Photosynthesis-PS-I, PS-II, nitrogen fixation, oxygen uptake proteins, cytochromes and ferrodoxions.
    24. Aromaticity Huckel’s rule and concept of aromaticity : annulenes and heteroannulenes, fullerenes. (C60)
    25. Stereochemistry and Conformational Analysis Newer methods of assymetric synthesis (including enzymatic and catalytic nexus), enantio-and diastereo selective synthesis. Effects of conformation on reactivity in acylic compounds and cyclohexanes.
    26. Selective Organic Name Reactions Favorskii reaction, Strok enamine reaction, Michael addition, Mannich reaction, Sharpless asymmetric expoxidation, ene reaction, Barton reaction, Hofmann Loffler-Freytag reaction, Shapiro reaction, Baeyer-Villiger reaction, Chichibabin reaction.
    27. Mechanisms of Organic Reactions Labelling and kinetic isotope effects, Hamett equation, σ–δ (sigma-rho) relationship, non-classical carbonium ions, neighbouring group participation. Pericyclic Reactions : Selection rules and stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition and sigmatrophic shifts, Sommelet-Hauser, Cope and Claisen rearrangements.
    28. Heterocycles Synthesis and reactivity of furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline and indole. Skraup synthesis, Fischer indole synthesis.
    29. Reagents in Organic Synthesis Use of following reagents in organic synthesis and fuctinal group transformations-Complex metal hydride. Gilman’s reagent, lithium, dimethylcuprate, lithium, disopropylamide (LDA) dicyclohexylcarbodimide, 1, 3-dithiane (reactivity umpolung). Trimethy, silyl iodide, tri-n-butyltin hydride, Woodward and Prevost hydroxylation, osmium tetraoxide, DDQ, selenium dioxide, phase transfer catalysts, crown ethers and Merrifield resin. Peterson’s synthesis, Wilkinson’s catalyst, Baker’s yeast.
    30. Chemistry of Natural Products Familiarity with methods of structure elucidation and biosynthesis of alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates and proteins, Conformations of proteins and nucleic acids.
    31. Bioorganic Chemistry Elementary structure and function of biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids, Genetic code, Mechanism of enzyme action.
    32. Photochemistry : Principles of energy transfer, cis-trans isomerization, Paterno-Buchi reaction, Norrish Type I and II reactions, photoreduction of ketones, di-pi-methane rearrangement, photochemistry of arenes.
    33. Spectroscopy Combined applications of mass, UV-VIS, IR and NMR spectroscopy for structural elucidation of compound.

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• • In the era of cut throat competition where there is a tough competition, proper guidance is necessary. Mc square education provides a complete package for preparation of competitive exams.
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    4. Regular mock exams are conducted to help students evaluate themselves on regular basis.

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